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Take it with honey and hot water. These capsules have the power to strengthen the constitution. The effect is immediate. He lived in the second half of the fourteenth century. It is employed to take away the cough. It is used also for diarrhoea and dysentery accompanied with local inflam- mation. Though its effects are quick, great care must be taken in using it, because it kills like a knife. Iu treating dysentery the same is true.
Unnatural symptoms have to be expelled and lumps removed. Other modi- fications of an unhealthy kind would supervene, and disease would spread without limit. For a dose take three-tenths of an ounce with black prunes and hot water.
He was in diplomatic communication with the chief persons in authority in Aden and some other Arab- ian ports, in Hormuz on the Persian Gulf, in several cities of India, such as Goa, Cochin, Quilon, and Calicut, as well as other centres of trade nearer home. Can we wonder that all the principal exports in those countries became known to the merchants of Canton and Amoy? They were then probably, next to the Arabs, the chief traders in the Indian seas.
When the Portuguese appeared unexpectedly at Cochin in , they commen- ced at once a career of conquest, and quickly made themselves masters of Aden, Hormuz, Goa, Cochin,, Calicut, Malacca, and many other cities. D, He also states that Opium was taken from Arabia to Calicut, and from Cambay to the same place, the Arabian being one-third higher in price than the Cambay. The Opium exported from this seaport may be assumed to have been manufactured in Malwa, which lies quite near it. The Arabs, then, bad already begun to grow Opium in India in the sixteenth century.
In addition to this, we are also told that from places on the Coromandel coast Opium was exported to Siam and Pegu. Here we also find clear indications of the activity of Arab traders in extending the cultivation of the Poppy in India. The Chinese also at this time imported Opium themselves, to be used medically. It is important to note this for the proper understanding of the history of Opium in China. Arabian method of obtaining Opium. Water should not be allowed to go over its head.
After the flower has faded in the 7th or 8th month the capsule, while still fresh, is pricked for the juice. Take one dose a day, and avoid onions, garlic, and soups of all kinds. If thirsty drink water with honey in it. Next day, in the morning, when the sap exudes, use a bamboo knife for the purpose of scraping it into an earthenware vessel. Let it dry iD a shady place. On each occasion of using it take a piece of the size of a small bean, and let it be administered on an empty stomach and mixed with warm water.
Let the patient avoid onions, garlic, and all soups. If he be hot and thirsty let him drink water with honey in it. His biography, in the howaccpured. History of the, Ming Dynasty, shows that he was in official charge of the province of Ivansuh for more than 20 years. His duties included the care of the Mahom- medan population of Hami, Turfan, and other Western cities. He must have known well the productions, the medical practice, and the customs of the Mahommedan countries; hence his minute acquaintance with Opium.
It seemed better to insert both in this list of passages, because they bear on the point of the manufacture of Opium by the Chinese in their own country in the fifteenth century, of which there can remain little doubt if the extract from the Tung- i-pao-chien be fairly considered.
The author first men- tions the disease and then details the mode in which the medicine which is to cure it may be obtained. In the absence of the book itself it cannot be decided which is the more correct. Probability is in favour of the last, because it is fuller than the other. The next morning a bamboo knife is used to scrape the sap into a vessel of earthenware. When a good quantity has been collected it is sealed up with paper and placed in the sun for a fortnight, and then the Opium is ready.
Its influence and effects are most powerful, and much must not be used. Medical use. To these are to be added 1 ounce of putchuck and 1 mace of Opium. This mixture is pulverised and rolled into pills with paste made of ground rice. The pills are to be of the size of green beans. The patient is then to go to sleep well covered. The effect is marvellous. During the first half of that reign the Japanese made frequent raids upon the Chinese coast.
This caused deep indignation? This was in the year This naturally rendered Foreign medicines scarce and dear, and therefore we are not surprised to find exact directions given by contemporary medical authors as to how Opium might be manufactured from the Poppy, it being then a highly esteemed drug and having been recommended by medical authors for half a century or more. He says in curing white and red dysentery use Opium, putchuck, haang-lien Justicia , and pai-shu Atracty- lodes , each in equal quantity.
Pulverise in a mortar and mix into pills with rice, making the pills of the size of a small bean. The old and the young must take half as much as the middle-aged and the strong.
Take the mix- ture with rice water after being without food for some hours. Avoid sour things. Take nothing raw or cold. Take no oil, fat, tea, wine, or flour. The disease will be certainly checked. If thirsty drink a little rice water. The effect will be marvellous. According as the diarrhoea is of the red or white kind, use the bracts of the red or white Poppy.
He was a native of Kiangsi and belonged to the Medical Board in Peking. He also made a pill celebrated for its healing power and called the golden elixir. It was thought to be able to cure 24 different diseases, which are detailed in the P6n-ts''ao of Li Shih-chen, with a statement of the decoction to be taken with the pill in each case.
If ineffectual, another was taken. It was for- bidden to take many of these pills. Vinegar was not to be used, for fear of internal rupture of the visceral organs resulting in death. In Kung Sin's work, called Wan-ping-hui-ch un as 0. The three last were first pulverised together.
Opium and asafoetida were placed in a cup and made liquid by dropping water upon them and stirring over a fire. The whole was mixed with honey and made into pills of the size of green beans, and gilt. When the body was hot the pills were taken with cold water; when the body was chilled they were taken with boiling water. The same physician also made purple gold pills with bezoar and other drugs, to help the good effects of Opium.
At that time the regulations were very stringent, as if the matters in hand were of great importance. In the province of Fuhkien, in the Sung and Yuan dynasties, Superintendents of Foreign Trade were appointed at each port, under the name Shih-po-ssti rfj fjj. At the beginning of the present dynasty Ming this system remained unaltered, but was afterwards allowed to fall into neglect.
In the period from to it happened that in the more powerful families connected with commerce there were adventurous persons who went on large ships beyond seas to trade. There were at that time bad men who secretly opened out new paths in which to gain profit, while the officers placed in charge failed to secure, openly at least, in these profitable transactions any share for the Govern- ment. At first they succeeded in gradually enriching themselves, but in course of time this sort of trade degenerated into a rivalry as to who should shoot his arrow farthest and into various irregular proceedings.
It is only possible to look on the sea as the soil to be worked. This led to various employments connected with the sea. The rieh collected a revenue from imported goods, and safely brought back with them the sheaves which they 24 opium : reaped in the harvest of the waters. The poor also laboured for a wage, and stretched out the hand to seize the pint measure of rice which they needed to support Bad effects of them in their toil.
But the dav of rigorous prohibition prohibition. These people could not, as before, gain a living through the arrival of merchant ships. They were strong and hearty. They would not fold their hands and sit down inactive in poverty and want. Troubles consequently occurred in succession, resulting in distur- bances of the public peace.
In addition to this they conducted barbarians from a distance on various occasions into the places to which they belonged. In particular the local military expenditure was supplied to a fixed extent each year from this source. The water duty was tonnage, and was levied on the representative of the ship. The land duty was duty on goods, fixed ad valorem, and levied, according to the quantity of goods, on the merchant doing business on shore. In this tariff myrrh, gum olibanum, and asafoetida, with other articles, are entered at a fixed rate of 3 mace per cwt.
Opium is rated at 2 mace of silver for 10 catties, or 2 ounces per cwt. In Tariff of A. Li Shih-chen, author of the Pen-tslao-lcang-mu t. In-the 3rd or 4th month the flowering part of the plant is well advanced and protected by bracts, which fall off when the flower opens.
There are four petals, which, taken together, are as large as a saucer. The capsule is in the centre of the flower, folded in stamens. The flower falls on the third day after opening, leaving the capsule at the top of the stem.
It is 1 or 2 inches in length, and in size like the ma-tou-ling a drug, capsule of the bladder tree. It has a lid and a short stalk. In shape it is much like a wine jar. In it there are many white grains, which can be used for making a sort of porridge for taking with ordinary food.
If the seeds are ground with water, and mixed with green beans 26 OPIUM S first ground so as to make a jelly, it will be found ex- cellent. Oil also can be made from the seeds. As to the capsules, they are much used in medicine, but are not mentioned in the old native Pharmacopoeia. From this it may be concluded that in ancient times the capsules were not used. The author refers here to the Northern Sung dynasty, A. This is said by some to be a variety of the ying-su-hua but this is a mistake.
Its flower changes perpetually. Let them be dried in a dark place and cut very small. They are then to be well mixed with rice vinegar and placed over the fire to simmer, after which they are fit for use as a drug.
They may also be prepared with honey instead of vinegar. In taste and nature the capsules thus prepared are sour, astringent, and slightly cooling, with- out being poisonous. With vinegar, black prunes, or orange peel they are most effectual in curing diarrhoea, asthma, rheumatism, or pain in the heart and abdomen.
While the head of this flower is still green in the afternoon take a large needle and prick the outside skin, taking care not to wound the inner hard shell.
It is to be pricked in from three to five places The next day, when the sap has come out, take a bamboo knife and scrape it into an earthenware cup. Let it be dried in the shade. It being made in this way accounts for the fact that, this article when bought in shops has mixed with it pieces of the skin of the capsule. It is a sour astringent, and can cure, etc. Especially is the elixir I-li-chin-tan, made with it, useful for curing a hundred diseases.
It changes readily. If care be taken in watering and planting, it becomes very handsome, and assumes a thousand varieties of shape and colour. It even becomes yellow or green. Looked at from a distance it is lovely; when nearer it becomes less attractive. I have heard that the seeds can be used as food, and have a strongly astringent effect. See Biography in Ming History. They have a red tint and glossy lustre, and their appearance is beautiful.
They are sown in mid- autumn and must wait for the coming year. They open their flowers in early summer and are companions to the declining sun. Another thing to be praised is their seeds, heaped up in large capsules one after the other. Why, then, be content with what is ugly and only gather rice and such-like grain? Its petals are shorter than those of the flower called yu-mei-jen, and more graceful. Through the whole garden the spring alighting upon them they seem to fly as they move to the breeze.
The seeds are sown in spring. In the work called Wu-li-ksiao-skik JJfy gg written at the end of the Ming dynasty and the begin- ning of the present, it is said of the Poppy that it is sown in the middle month of autumn, at noon. After flowering, the seed vessel grows into the shape of a vase. The tiny seeds can be eaten as porridge. Oil is also obtained from them, and the capsules are useful in medicine ; they are powerfully astringent.
When the capsules are still green, if a needle be used to puncture them in 10 or 15 places, the sap will come out. This should be received into an earthenware cup, which may be covered carefully with paper pasted round the edge.
Let the cup be exposed to the sun for 14 days; it is then Opium, ready for use as an astringent, and restrains reproduction most powerfully. Let the reader examine the various accounts of the manipulation by four different authors. When, however, he speaks, as in the passage translated from the Tung-i-pao- chien, of obstinate diarrhoea needing Opium to cure it, and advises the physician to make Opium direct from the Poppy in a way which he describes, he must be speaking of a Chinese made article.
If so, then Li T'ing is a third and independent witness on this subject, the fourth being the author of the work Wu-li-hsiao-shih. Early in the seventeenth century a Dutch physician Opium in named Jacobus Bontius went to reside at Batavia, andJavain ' died there.
He says that those nations which use Opium seem drowsy, and are dull in commerce and in arms; but unless we had Opium to use in these hot countries, in cases of dysentery, cholera, burning fever, and various bilious affections, we should practise medicine in vain. This was the basis of the ancient medicines, theriac, mithridate, and philonium. E, Bretschneider. Opium- smoking arose from tobacco- smoking. Tobacco- smoking, when in- troduced.
This they call pust, and they themselves are nicknamed pusti. The rich, who indulge in the more expensive drug, are known as afyuni. The Greeks knew the danger of Opium but not its merits, which are clearly divine, and which they failed sufficiently to explore. This was his refuge in dysentery, cholera, phrenitis, and spasms. He took refuge in Opium as a sacred anchor, he tells us, in desperate cases. He used Poppy seeds and Poppy heads. He says that Opium helps nature to con- quer the enemy by inducing sleep, and that he could prepare it so that it should not inj ure even an infant.
Towards the end of the Ming dynasty the practice of taking Opium medically or otherwise by swallowing it was destined to be soon changed for the habit of Opium- smoking. It is requisite, therefore, in proceeding with this record to enter on the subject of tobacco and tobacco- smoking, in order to introduce by easy transition this new step taken by the Chinese in the use of Opium.
In the latter years of the Ming dynasty tobacco cultivation and tobacco-smoking were introduced into China from the Philippine Islands. Here the Spaniards had settled, and they were in constant communication with America. The tobacco plant crossed the Pacific and flourished in the neighbourhood of Manila. The first place in China where it was planted was at Amoy ; it was brought there by Fuhkien sailors trading to Manila.
The origin of Opium-smoking is thus accounted for. Various ingredients were in various countries mixed with tobacco to try their effect ; among them was Opium. In the year there is in this book an account of an edict which has reference to tobacco.
The elder youths should practise the horn-bow and winged arrow; the younger should be skilled in using the wooden bow and willow- twig arrow. Our dynasty in military exercises makes archery the chief thing. To smoke tobacco is a fault, but not so great a fault as to neglect bow exercise. As to the prohibition of tobacco-smoking, it became impossible to maintain it, because you princes and others smoked privately, though not publicly ; but as to the use of the bow, this must not be neglected.
The author states that this circumstance was much to the detriment of morality ; it had previously been a difficult thing to uphold moderation in living, but after this it was far more so. Women as well as men, the inhabitants of villages as well as of large towns, fell into the snare, till the habit became almost universal. This immense popularity of tobacco-smoking was an indication of the readiness of the Chinese nation to adopt the use of narcotics.
The same thing which took place in the nineteenth century with Opium-smoking occurred in the seventeenth century with tobacco-smoking. The Confu- cian mind was shocked, the sense of propriety was wounded; but this did not prevent the rapid spread of both these modes of indulgence in all circles. Prohibitory edicts were issued in vain by Emperors animated by paternal affection for their people. Tobacco was a less evil than they supposed; Opium-smoking was a far greater evil than they feared.
In both cases the Emperor was powerless. The Emperor Ch'eng Tsung, as we ought to call him, but who is better known as Tao Kuang, is much to be respected for his strong moral convictions on the subject of Opium. He made really great efforts to cope with this evil, but it was in vain. The fondness of the people for inhaling a narcotic was too strong for him to overcome.
He failed utterly in the attempt to put down Opium-smoking even in the city of Peking. It was as hard to persuade his own people to abandon a bad habit as to conquer England in war. It grew up in the same part of the country where tobacco-smoking had been introduced.
Some passages from this work, recording his observations on tobacco, hemp, and Opium, will now be given. They were first published in , but the original notes from which they were compiled were taken 20 years earlier. Nomen ubique habet tabaci, et pro diverso gentium idiomate tobalc, tobacco, tombalc et tembalcu, ab insula hujus nominis Americana, quae herbse copiam in- ventoribus dederat.
Plantae vix nomen innotuerat, quin simnl cultura celebrari nbique coeperit, et fumandi usus omne humanuni genus stupenda velocitate incantaverit. Plantam, Hyosciami speciem si negamus, ex classe tamen venenatarum nequaquam eximenda fuerit ; cum vertigines anxietates et vomitus, quos fumigata in non adsuetis concitat, malignitatis testes siut luculenti.
Experimentis lledianis constat, olei ejus guttulara recenti immissam vulneri, pullos volucrium enecare, hominibus vero inferro periculosa symptomata. Vidi bajulos circa Casanam Tartarise, qui perforatum cornu bubal um foliis plenum, superpositis carbonibus, paucis haustibus evacuabant; ex quo instar epilepticorum prosternebantur, pituita spumoque diffluentes. Quam vero venenata sint folia, eorum tamen 34 OPIUM : fumus consuetndine homini fit familiaris, nt, non modo non noceat malignitate sua, sed benigniori sale serum ex capitis recessibus eliciat, ac cerebrum hilaritate impleat.
Quod ut praastet felicius, Persae fumum trahunt per machinam, aqua nltra dimidium plenam, quae foetidum et cerebro inimicum sulplirir imbibeus, fumum transmittit ab omni malignitatis acrimouia defaecatum, frigefactum et sincerum. Machina ilia, quam kkaliuun vocant, ampulla est sesquipedalis altitudinis, vitrea, oblongo donata collo; enjus orificium claudit orbiculns eeneus, in sesquipalmarem diametrum expansus, duos in medio permittees tubulos invicem adsolidatos, aeneos; unum, cujus inferior pars in ampullam demissa, aquae immergitur; superior recipit nicotianae cum impositis carbonibus retinaculum, infundibulo sen buccinae orificio simile: alterum breviorem, cujus demissa extremitas aquam non attingit: superior incurvata arundinem excipit longam, qua furnus attrahitur.
Tubulorum propago, proxime sub orbiculo, tela xylina arete circumvoluta est, in earn crassitiem, quae vitri orificium cum modica colli parte expleat atqne claudat arctissime : ita evenit, ut ad suctum non possit nisi ex infundibulo fumus succedere ; qui jiicundo strepitu aquam penetrans, primo inane vitri spatium occupat, inde per arundinem ad os sugentis atque ipsos pulmones pertingit ; attractio enim, non bucca ant labiis, ut vnlgo solet, sed toto pectore peragitur, quo ipso fumus per pulmones se diffundit.
Si acrior herba sit, concisam prius aquae immergunt expri- muntque, ut a crudiori acrimonia liberetur : quod idem a Sinensibus et Japonibus factitatum vidi. Moduin fumandi per machinam a Persis edocti sunt Arabes Hindostani, seu Indi magni Mogolis, et, qui cum religione mores Arabum adoptarunt, nigritse qiiidam insulares; sed his, quod vitra deficiant, pro ampulla servit excavatus cortex cucurbitarum.
Turci, Sinenses, Pipe for smoking tobacco through water. Japones, Europaaorum more fumum trahunt per fistulam, receptaculo tabaci accensi insertam.
Nigritae gentiles sumum sine instrumento hauriunt, rotatis foliis in turbi- nem, cnjus basin accendunt, apice labris retento et sucto. The Persiaus taught its use to the Arabs of Hindustan, the Hindus, and the black inhabitants of Asiatic islands. It spread with the religion of the Arabs wherever they went. It was introduced into Persia by the Portuguese while prosecuting their trading operations in the ports of the Persian Gulf.
The poisonous qualities of tobacco he proves by what he had himself seen of its effects. Fowls die if tobacco oil is injected into a recent wound.
He saw at Kasan porters smoking in a peculiar way. Yet, he adds, when smokers are accustomed to the use of tobacco it soothes the brain and promotes cheerfulness. The smoke on passing through the water is freed from sulphurous fumes, moderated in strength, cooled, and purified.
Glass vessels were first used with brass fittings. The Natives of the Eastern Archipelago, not having glass, used the calabash instead. The author adds that while the Turks, Chinese and Cigars. Japanese all smoke with a pipe, like the Europeans, the black Natives of the islands have a way of their own ; 36 OPIUM : they roll the tobacco leaves into a twist, which they light at one end and smoke from at the other.
Hunc succum Europa Opium; Asia cum 2Egypto afiuun et ofiuun vocat.. In Perside collectio ejus celebratur per ineuntem aestatem, propinqua maturitati capita decussatim sauciando per superficiem.
Culter negotio servit quintuplici acie in- structus, qui uua sectione quinque infligit vulnera longa parallela. Ex vulnuscnlis promanans succus postridie scalpro abstergitur, et in vasculum, abdomini praeligatum, colligitur. Turn altera capitum facies eodem modo vul- neratur, ad liquorem pariter prolieiendum.
At, haec collectio, ob capitum impar incrementum et magnitudinem, aliquoties in eodem arvo instituenda est. Solent in plantis nimium ramosis superflua capita prius amputari: sic reliqua magis grandescunt, et succo implentur majoris efficaciae.
Primae collectionis lacryma, gobaar dicta, prae- stantior est,et graviori pollet cerebrum demulcendi virtute, solorem exhibens albidum, vel ex luteo pallentem; sed qui color ex longiori insolatione et ariditate infuscari solet. Altera collectio succum promit, priori, ut virtute, ita pretio inferiorem, coloris plerumque obscuri, vel ex rnfo nigricantis. Sunt, qui et tertiam instituunt, qua obtinetur lacryma nigerrima et exiguae virtutis.
Ita diu mnltumcpie subactum ad manu non nihil pertractatur nuda, et demnm, in cylindros breves rotatum, venale exponitur; forcipe dividendum, cum particulas emptores petnnt. Hac serie pertractatnm Opium appellatur theriaak malid'eh, i. Praeparandi hie labor perpetuus est propolarum, quos vocant kheifruus, quasi Germanice diceres trunken Kramere, quo illi, in foris et quadriviis sedentes, brachia sua strenue exercent.
Massa hsec saepe numero, non aqua, sed melle subigitur, ea copia admisso, quae non siccitatem modo, sed et amaritiem temperet: et haec specialiter appellatur boehrs. Insignior praeparatio est, qua inter agitandum adduntur nux myristica, cardamomum, cinamomum et macis, in pulverem subtilissimmn redacta; qualiter praeparatum Opium cordi et cerebro insigniter prodesse creditur.
Vocatur in speciepolonia, vel, ut alii pronunci- ant, folonia, puta Philonium Persicum, seu mesne. Alii omissis aromatibus, tantiim croco et ambra massam in- farciunt. Multi praeparationem in usuin proprium ipsi perficiuntdomisuae, ne a propolis admiscendorum paucitate vel multitudine decipiantur.
Praeter hoc triplicis prae- parationis Opium, quod sola pilularum forma deglutitur, prostat, vel etiam a domesticis conficitur, liquor Celebris nominis coconar dictus. Graecormn quod puto Mtjiamiov ac Homerianum nepenthes, quod a bibacibns propinari affatim per horarum inter valla solet. Parant hujus liquorem alii ex foliis, aqua simplici per brevem moram coquendis ; alii ex capitibus contusis infusione macerandis, vel iisdem supra filtrum repositis, aquam eandem septies octiesve superfundendo : admixtis pro cujusque placito, quae sapori gratiam concilient.
Tertium addo opiati genus, 38 OPIUM: electuarium Icetificans et laetificando inebrians; hujus electuarii, cujus basin idem Opium etiam constituit, a seplasiariis et medicis, prout quisque ingenio pollet, varie elaboratin', ac diversis ingredientibus ad roborandos et exhilarandos spiritus dirigitur; unde variae ejus extant descriptiones ; quarum primaria et famosissima est, quae debetur inventori Hasjem Begi, quandoquidem comedentis animum miris perfundere gaudiis, et magicis cerebrum demulcere ideis et voluptatibus dicitur.
Multa hoc abusu vel longiori ejus usu, acciuntur mala; emaciatur enim, corpus, laxantur vires, contristatur animus, stupescit ingenium : unde videas instar stipitum somnolentos et quasi elingues sedere in conviviis opii liguritores.
Saepe oblati mihi sunt, quos a canino appetitu Opii percurarem, sostro centum aureorum promisso, si hoc citra damnum et vitae dispendium praestitero.
Exempla Opii voracium non est, quod adducam, cum eorum pleni sint medicorum libri. Capita papaveris teneriora aceto condita nonnulli in mensa secunda appetunt; alii alia ex iisdem sorbilla conficiunt, pro suo quique placito. He staid in Java eight months, and then went to Japan. Eo fine Opii deglutiunt bolum : ex quo intentionis idea exasperatur, turbatur ratio, et infrsenus redditur ani- mus, adeo, ut stricto pugione, instar tigridum rabidarum, excurrant in publicum, obvios quosvis, sive amicos, sive inimicos, trucidaturi, donee ipsi, ab alio perforati, pros- ternantur.
Actus hie vocatur hamuk, apud incolas Javse et ulterioris Orientis crebro spectabilis. Vocabuli soniim ibi horret, quicunque audit; nam qui vident homicidam, illi vocem hamulc summopere exclamant: monituri inermes ut fugiant, et vitae suae prospiciant: dum ad extinguendam beluam accurrere debet, quisquis armatus et cordatus est.
Opii etiam externus usus est apud nigritas: nam eodem aqua diluto nicotianam inficiunt, ut accensa caput ve- hementius turbet. Vidi in Java tabernas levidenses ex arundine, in quibus id genus tabaci hauriendum expone- batur prsetereuntibus. Nulla per Indiam merx majori lucro divenditur a Batavis, quam ajium, quo carere adsueti non possunt, nec potiri, nisi navibus Batavorum ex Bengala et Choromandela advecto.
The tabernce levidenses ex arundine here spoken of First Opium, were the first Opium-smoking shops of which we have shops"8 any record. According to the statement here given, Opium diluted with water was smoked with tobacco. This sort of tobacco was exposed to passers-by to be smoked when, two centuries ago, the learned German traveller, was taking walks is Batavia to observe the customs of the native population. He states that it could cure the diseases of all seasons, including fevers beginning with chill shang-lian , epidemic fever, heat apoplexy chung-shu, severe or slight , paralysis, headache, slight fever, vomiting with diarrhoea, ague, pain in the heart, abdominal pain, and the like.
Two pills are prescribed for severe cases, and one when the attack is slight ; they are to be taken with cold water. It adds to the vigour of the body and saves it from decay, warms the kidneys, strengthens the loins and knees, removes cold and wet chill, with all abdominal pains, and is useful for healing all sorts of affections to which men and women are subject.
By gradual decoction it is prepared for use and employed as required. There is another prescription, called the Pao-yang-ling-kuei- slien-fang II? It is prepared with oil for use.
Opium for smoking is pre- pared by mixing hemp and the root of the grasscloth plant Pachyrizus angulatus or, may be, Pueraria Thun- bargia, Dr. Biietschneider with Opium, and cutting them up small. This mixture is boiled with water in a cop- per pan or tripod.
The Opium so prepared is mixed with tobacco. A bamboo tube is also provided, the end of which is filled with coir fibres from the coir palm.
Many persons collect this Opium to smoke mixed with tobacco. The price asked is several times greater than for tobacco alone. Those who make it their sole business to prepare Opium in this way are known as Opium tavern keepers.
Those who smoke once or twice form a habit which cannot afterwards be broken off. The aborigines smoke as an aid to vice. The limbs grow thin and appear to be wasting away ; the internal organs collapse.
The smoker unless he be killed will not cease smoking. The seat of the tsing semen is 3 inches below the navel; that of breath is in the brain. The seat of the soul is in the heart, The first is here chiefly meant. Another account of early Opium- smoking in Formosa. It has often been found that when the time came for administering the bastinado to culprits of this class, they would beg for a brief respite that they might first take another smoke.
Opium came from Java. Of the various early narratives which describe the habit of smoking Opium with a bamboo pipe, the account we have here seems to be the most minute. It is not stated in what year it was written, but the year in which it was reprinted as an extract was He found that diluted Opium was mixed with tobacco to offer to passers-by to smoke; he observed this during his residence in Java. We learn from this that it was tobacco-smoking which led to Opium-smoking. During the reign of Kang Hsi Koxinga occupied Formosa for a time.
In the days of Koxinga many Chinese colonists went over from the mainland to reside there. There was constant communication with Java by trading vessels. Many wanderers without a livelihood from various countries went there from time to time, and it was through this class of persons that the pernicious habit of Opium-smoking originated in Formosa.
The Opium is boiled in a copper pan. Dudgeon, who was the first to discover the native account of the origin and first progress of Opium-smoking in Formosa. Depraved young men without any fixed occupation used to meet together by night to smoke ; it grew to be a custom with them. Often various delicacies prepared with honey and sugar, with fresh fruits, to the number of 10 or more dishes, were provided for visitors while smoking. In order to tempt new smokers to come, no charge was made for the first time.
After some time they could not stay away, and would come even if they forfeited all their property. Smokers were able to re- main awake the whole night and rejoiced, as an aid to sensual indulgence.
Afterwards they found themselves beyond the possibility of cure. If for one day they omitted smoking, their faces suddenly became shrivelled, their lips opened, their teeth were seen, they lost all vivacity, and seemed ready to die. Another smoke, however, restored them. After three years all such persons die.
It is said that the barbarian inhabitants of Formosa thus use craft and cunning in order to cheat the Chinese residents out of their money at the expense of their lives. The foolish are not sensible of their danger, and fall victims. This habit has entered China about 10 or more years.
There are many smokers in Amoy, but Formosa is the place where this vice has been most injurious. It is truly sad to reflect on this.
In the year A. The Government found itself face to face with a dangerous social evil of an alarming kind. The physical effects of Opium-smoking as display- ed in the shrivelling up of the features and an early death, as thus described by eye-witnesses, produced a deep impression in Peking. The sellers of Opium were 44 opium : to be punished, not the buyers. The masters of Opium shops are dealt with most severely, as being the seducers into evil paths of the young members of respectable families.
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