Tienen la ventaja de que al perder el agua se quedan totalmente secos y si es en periodos no demasiados largos y se vuelven a humedecer recobran su forma original y pueden seguir esporulando: reviviscencia. Auricularia es comestible. Tienen quiastobasidios. Otra especie es Tremella foliacea. El desarrollo de los basidiomas es abierto. Por ejemplo tenemos Schyzophyllum, Ganoderma, Clavaria y Ramaria. La enfermedad que producen en las plantas se denomina poredumbre.
Se caracterizan porque se pudren enseguida. Lo normal es que tenga laminillas y el himenio se encuentre recubriendo esas laminillas. En la parte inferior del sombrerillo se disponen las laminillas y tapizando esas laminillas el himenio los basidios.
A veces se pueden encontrar otras estructuras adornando las setas y que proceden de una membrana que recubre todo el primordio de la seta: velo universal. Zabiba is married to a cruel and unloving husband the United States who forces himself upon her.
The Fall of Baghdad is not a collection of New Yorker pieces, though; it is an original and organically cohesive narrative work that tells the story of what the people of Baghdad have endured at the hands of Saddam Hussein, during the war and during its aftermath. This is not a pro- or anti-war book; the point is to bear witness to what the people in this city have endured, to put a human face on a calamity of epic dimensions. The focus alternates among a small cast of characters, a group of disparate Iraqis who allow Anderson to bring to life different facets of the story he wants to tell; and he fills in the canvas around his figures with rich background that makes their significance sing, and helps bind the book together as the definitive reckoning with one of the most fateful stories of our time.
The training was brutal, with discipline enforced by regular beatings, and desertion punishable by mutilation or imprisonment. Somehow Lewis made it through and, thanks in part to his fluent English, was soon offered a post in Iraqi military intelligence. The job would have made him powerful, comfortably wealthy. His escape was fraught with peril—he was shot, detained at borders, even pursued by hungry wolves across the desert—but the teenager made his way to Jordan, then Malaysia, and finally to England, where he was granted political asylum.
Lewis began building a life for himself, even falling in love and getting married. Frantic with guilt and worry, Lewis was forced to steal the thousands of dollars he needed to buy their release and smuggle them out of Iraq.
Then, accompanied by his wife, he embarked on a desperate journey in hope of bringing his family to freedom. Escape from Saddam is a powerful nonfiction thriller that, even as it plunges the reader into a netherworld of crooked border police, military checkpoints, counterfeiters, and smugglers, provides a fascinating window into a totalitarian regime. It is also a remarkably inspirational story of a resourceful young man who refused to accept his fate.
RUIN is one of the first poetry collections in the world to explore the epic tragedy of the Iraq War Using four distinctive voices, and constructed almost as a thriller, Roberta Lowing's 55 poems re-create the devastating invasion and years of betrayal and heartbreak--and moments of hope and illumination--endured by Iraqi civilians and American soldiers.
This work is of our time for our time, a collection which expresses the anxieties and aspirations of all those who resist the dark forces shaking our world. Operation Iraqi Freedom overthrew Saddam Hussein''s regime, but much of Iraq remains violent because of Sunni Arab resentment and a related insurgency, compounded by Sunni-Shiite sectarian violence that, in the judgment of many, constitutes a "civil war. President Bush announced a new strategy on January 10, "New Way Forward" consisting of deployment of an additional 28, U.
The strategy is intended to provide security conditions conducive to Iraqi government action on a series of key reconciliation initiatives that are viewed as "benchmarks" of political progress. The FY supplemental appropriation, P. The latter will include a major assessment of the effects of the "troop surge" to date.
According to the required July 15, Administration report, released on July 12, the Baghdad security plan has made progress on several military indicators and some political indicators, but progress is unsatisfactory on the most important political reconciliation indicators.
The Administration report asserts that the "overall trajectory Both chambers adopted a FY supplemental appropriation to fund U. Some observers say such legislation might see further action after the Administration''s September 15 progress report, while others say some positive assessments of the "troop surge" might forestall immediate congressional action.
Iraq has not previously had experience with a democratic form of government, although parliamentary elections were held during the period of British rule under a League of Nations mandate from until Iraq''s independence in , and the monarchy of the Sunni Muslim Hashemite dynasty The territory that is now Iraq was formed from three provinces of the Ottoman empire after British forces defeated the Ottomans in World War I and took control of the territory in Britain''s presence in Iraq, which relied on Sunni Muslim Iraqis as did the Ottoman administration , ran into repeated resistance, facing a major Shiite-led revolt in and a major anti-British uprising in , during World War II.
Faysal ruled Iraq as King Faysal I and was succeeded by his son, Ghazi, who was killed in a car accident in Ghazi was succeeded by his son, Faysal II, who was only four years old. A major figure under the British mandate and the monarchy was Nuri As-Said, a pro-British, pro-Hashemite Sunni Muslim who served as prime minister 14 times during Qasim was ousted in February by a Baath Party-military alliance.
Since that same year, the Baath Party has ruled in Syria, although there was rivalry between the Syrian and Iraqi Baath regimes during Saddam''s rule. The Baath Party was founded in the s by Lebanese Christian philosopher Michel Aflaq as a socialist, pan-Arab movement, the aim of which was to reduce religious and sectarian schisms among Arabs. Arif was killed in a helicopter crash in and was replaced by his elder brother, Abd al-Rahim al-Arif, who ruled until the Baath Party coup of July Following the Baath seizure, Bakr returned to government as President of Iraq and Saddam Hussein, a civilian, became the second most powerful leader as Vice Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council.
In that position, Saddam developed overlapping security services to monitor loyalty among the population and within Iraq''s institutions, including the military.
With resistance to invading forces largely neutralized, it was apparent Saddam's control over Iraq was lost. When Baghdad fell to the coalition forces on April 9, he was still seen in videos purportedly in the Baghdad suburbs surrounded by supporters.
As the US forces were occupying the Republican Palace and other central landmarks and ministries on April 9, Saddam Hussein emerged from his command bunker beneath the Al A'Zamiyah district of northern Baghdad and greeted excited members of the local public. The walkabout was captured on film and broadcast several days after the event on Al-Arabiya Television and was also witnessed by ordinary people who corroborated the date afterwards.
He was accompanied by bodyguards and other loyal supporters including at least one of his sons and his personal secretary. After the walkabout, Saddam returned to his bunker and made preparations for his family.
According to his eldest daughter Raghad Hussein he was, by this point, aware of the "betrayal" of a number of key figures involved in the defense of Baghdad. There was a lot of confusion between Iraqi commanders in different sectors of the capital and communication between them and Saddam and between Saddam and his family were becoming increasingly difficult.
This version of events is supported by Muhammad Saeed al-Sahhaf, the former Information Minister who struggled to know what was happening after the US captured Saddam International Airport. The Americans had meanwhile started receiving rumours that Saddam was in Al A'Zamiyah and at dawn on April 10 they dispatched three companies of US Marines to capture or kill him.
As the Americans closed in, and realising that Baghdad was lost, Saddam arranged for cars to collect his eldest daughters, Raghad and Rana, and drive them to Syria. His wife Sajida Talfah and youngest daughter Hala had already left Iraq several weeks prior.
Raghad Hussein stated in an interview for Panorama :. Then according to the testimony of a former bodyguard Saddam Hussein dismissed almost his entire staff:. After this he changed out of his uniform and with only two bodyguards to guard him, left Baghdad in a plain white Oldsmobile and made his way to a specially prepared bunker in Dialah on the northern outskirts of the city.
Ayad Allawi in interview stated that Saddam stayed in the Dialah bunker for three weeks as Baghdad and the rest of Iraq were occupied by US forces. Initially he and his entourage used satellite telephones to communicate with each other. As this became more risky they resorted to sending couriers with written messages.
One of these couriers was reported to have been his own nephew. However, their cover was given away when one of the couriers was captured and Saddam was forced to evacuate the Dialah bunker and resorted to changing location every few hours.
There were numerous sightings of him in Beiji, Baquba and Tikrit to the north of Baghdad over the next few months as he shuttled between safe houses disguised as a shepherd in a plain taxi. How close he came to being captured during this period may never be made public. Sometime in the middle of May he moved to the countryside around his home town of Tikrit. A series of audio tapes claiming to be from Saddam were released at various times, although the authenticity of these tapes remains uncertain.
Saddam Hussein was at the top of the U. In June in a joint raid by special operations forces and the 1st Battalion, 22nd Infantry Regiment of 1st Brigade, 4th Infantry Division, the former president's personal secretary Abid Hamid Mahmud Ace of Diamonds in the playing card deck of regime figures and number 4 on the most-wanted list after Saddam and his sons Uday and Qusay , was captured. Documents discovered with him enabled intelligence officers to work out who was who in Saddam's circle.
Manhunts were launched nightly throughout the Sunni triangle. Safe houses and family homes were raided as soon as any tip came in that someone in Saddam's circle might be in the area. In July in an engagement with U. According to one of Saddam's bodyguards, the former president actually went to the grave himself on the evening of the funeral:. This story, however, likely resulted to explain the missing flags. The commander of the 1st Battalion, 22nd Infantry Regiment in Tikrit and Auja, where the sons were buried, had the cemetery heavily guarded.
The flags were removed by US forces to prevent his sons being honored as martyrs. The raids and arrests of people known to be close to the former President drove him deeper underground.
Once more the trail was growing colder. In August the US military released photofits of how Saddam might be disguising himself in traditional garb, even without his signature mustache. By the early autumn the Pentagon had also formed a secret unit — Task Force By the beginning of November Saddam was under siege. His home town and powerbase were surrounded and his faithful bodyguards targeted and then arrested one by one by the Americans.
Protests erupted in several towns in the Sunni triangle. Meanwhile some Sunni Muslims showed their support for Saddam. Mohamed had been a key figure in the President's special security organization. It appears Mohamed had taken control of Saddam on the run, the only person who knew where he was from hour to hour and who was with him.
According to US sources it took just a few hours of interrogation for him to crack and betray Saddam. The informer had told US forces the former president would be in one of two groups of buildings on a farm codenamed Wolverine 1 and Wolverine 2.
In a Baghdad press conference with the U. The video footage presented by Bremer showed Hussein in full beard with longer than usual, disheveled hair. According to US military sources, immediately following Saddam's December 13th capture, he was hooded, his hands bound and he was taken by a military HMMWV vehicle to an awaiting helicopter and flown to the US base adjacent to one of his former palaces in Tikrit.
He was then loaded onto again to a helicopter and flown to the main US base at Baghdad International Airport where he was transferred to the Camp Cropper facility. He was then officially photographed and received medical attention and was groomed. The following day he was visited in his cell by members of the Iraqi Governing Council with Ahmed Chalabi and Adnan Pachachi among them.
It is believed he remained there in high security during most of the time of his detention. Details of his interrogations are unknown. After Saddam's death, reports emerged from the nurse charged with his care at Camp Cropper from until When he was allowed to go outside, Hussein saved bread crumbs from his meals to feed the birds, he watered the weeds in a jail garden and had coffee with his cigars for his blood pressure.
I posed no threat. In fact, I was there to help him, and he respected that. Held in custody by U. A few weeks later, he was charged by the Special Tribunal with crimes committed against the inhabitants of Dujail in , following a failed assassination attempt against him.
Specific charges included the murder of people, torture of women and children and the illegal arrest of others. On November 5, , Saddam Hussein was found guilty of crimes against humanity and sentenced to death by hanging. Saddam's half brother, Barzan Ibrahim, and Awad Hamed al-Bandar, head of Iraq's Revolutionary Court in , were convicted of similar charges as well.
Verdict and sentencing were both appealed but subsequently affirmed by Iraq's Supreme Court of Appeals. Saddam was hanged on the first day of Eid ul-Adha, December 30, at approximately a. The execution was carried out at Camp Justice, an Iraqi army base in Kadhimiya, a neighborhood of northeast Baghdad. Camp Justice was previously used by Saddam as his military intelligence headquarters, then known as Camp Banzai, where Iraqi civilians were taken to be tortured and executed on the same gallows where Saddam was hanged.
Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki launched an investigation after a video recorded on a mobile phone, showing Saddam being taunted before his death, was leaked to selected electronic media. Many of you have known the writer of this letter to be faithful, honest, caring for others, wise, of sound judgment, just, decisive, careful with the wealth of the people and the state You have known your brother and leader very well and he never bowed to the despots and, in accordance with the wishes of those who loved him, remained a sword and a banner.
This is how you want your brother, son or leader to be Here, I offer my soul to God as a sacrifice, and if He wants, He will send it to heaven with the martyrs, or, He will postpone that Remember that God has enabled you to become an example of love, forgiveness and brotherly coexistence I call on you not to hate because hate does not leave a space for a person to be fair and it makes you blind and closes all doors of thinking and keeps away one from balanced thinking and making the right choice.
I also call on you not to hate the peoples of the other countries that attacked us and differentiate between the decision-makers and peoples.
Anyone who repents - whether in Iraq or abroad - you must forgive him. You should know that among the aggressors, there are people who support your struggle against the invaders, and some of them volunteered for the legal defence of prisoners, including Saddam Hussein Dear faithful people, I say goodbye to you, but I will be with the merciful God who helps those who take refuge in him and who will never disappoint any faithful, honest believer God is Great God is great Long live our nation Long live our great struggling people Long live Iraq, long live Iraq Long live Palestine Long live jihad and the mujahedeen the insurgency.
I have written this letter because the lawyers told me that the so-called criminal court — established and named by the invaders --will allow the so-called defendants the chance for a last word. But that court and its chief judge did not give us the chance to say a word, and issued its verdict without explanation and read out the sentence — dictated by the invaders — without presenting the evidence.
I wanted the people to know this. Saddam married his cousin Sajida Talfah in Sajida is the daughter of Khairallah Talfah, Hussein's uncle and mentor. Their marriage was arranged for Hussein at age five when Sajida was seven; however, the two never met until their wedding.
They were married in Egypt during his exile. Uday controlled the media, and was named Journalist of the Century by the Iraqi Union of Journalists. Qusay ran the elite Republican Guard, and was considered Heir Presumptive. Both brothers are said to have made fortunes for themselves smuggling oil. Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Joel Wing. A short summary of this paper. The book was based upon hundreds of captured tapes of Saddam and his inner circle discussing foreign and domestic issues from the s to the s.
The second half delves into how Saddam treated Shiites and Kurds, Islamism, weapons of mass destruction, the United Nations inspections, and the defection of his son-in-law Hussein Kamal in Overall, what The Saddam Tapes revealed was a dictator who spoke his mind both privately and publicly. Rather than a mad man, Saddam held wide-ranging discussions with his top advisors. The problem was he often miscalculated foreign affairs, but was much better at controlling his own people within Iraq.
How did he feel about this turn of events? Did you read anything else about their involvement in this period, because there are many Iraqis who think that the group was used to help put down the Shiite revolt? During the s and s Islamism had a rebirth in the region. What kind of challenges did that pose for Saddam who stood atop a secular, Baathist government?
Iran branded the Iraqi regime atheistic, and tried to delegitimize it on this basis. Could you get any insight into what Saddam felt personally about religion and Islam? Do you think Saddam was ever successful in containing or co-opting the Islamists that were growing within Iraq itself?
To some degree, though not to the degree that he would have liked. A really interesting point that I got from the book was the role of sectarianism under Saddam. It appeared that he really wanted to be a nationalist leader of his country, and stressed that all of its people were Iraqis first, and was reluctant to refer to a group by its sect or ethnicity.
Can you give some examples of this? In turn, some have claimed that Saddam was obviously a sectarian leader because of what he did to the Shiites and Kurds. Others have said that he actually was most interested in keeping his immediate family in power, and then his extended family, which was based upon tribal ties and the Tikrit region of Salahaddin.
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